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Orangespotted sunfish
The orangespotted sunfish (''Lepomis humilis'') is a North American species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of order Perciformes.〔Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432.〕 These fish are widely distributed across the middle and eastern United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the east, from the Great Lakes south into the Gulf Coast.〔 The orangespotted sunfish is ecologically unique and thrives in turbid, shallow systems that have few predators and low oxygen contents.〔Miranda, L. E., Lucas, G. M., 2004. Determinism in Fish Assemblages of Floodplain Lakes of the Vastly Disturbed Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 133:2, 358-370.〕 The species prefers vegetated areas in sluggish backwaters or lakes, and can also be found in turbid rivers. The orangespotted sunfish can extend its range in lower-quality waters, which is not characteristic to other sunfish.〔MN DNR. "Orangespotted Sunfish (Lepomis Humilis) - FactSheet." Minnesota DNR. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2012. Web. 25 Sept. 2012.〕 Orangespotted sunfish vary in total length and age for different river basin originations, but can be found to live four to seven years, and recorded lengths are up to .〔Rasmus, R. A., Phelps, Q. E., Duehr, J. P., Berry, C. R. 2008. Population Characteristics of Lotic Orangespotted Sunfish, Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 23:3, 459-461.〕
Males make grunting noises to attract females to mate.〔Gerald, J.W. 1971. Sound Production During Courtship in Six Species of Sunfish (Centrarchidae). Society for the study of Evolution, 25:1, 75-87.〕 and are known to nest in ‘colonies’ or aggregations.〔Witte C.C., Wildhaber M.L., Arab A., Noltie D.B. 2009. Substrate choice of territorial male Topeka shiners (Notropis topeka) in the absence of sunfish (Lepomis sp.). Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2009: 18: 350–359.〕 Spawning patterns are similar to those of other sunfish.〔 Due to the wide distribution of this fish, the species is not endangered and management plans are almost nonexistent presently. The orangespotted sunfish has been introduced to many habitats, such as rivers in Florida, Alabama, Texas, Colorado, Michigan, and Canada.
==Geographic distribution==
In North America, this species is common in many places; it ranges from the Great Lakes to Hudson Bay, from the Mississippi River down to the Gulf Coast and in the Colorado River from Alabama to Texas.〔〔〔 Some studies find that, in general, orangespotted sunfish tend to live in turbid, long, large lakes, which is evident by its geographic distribution.〔〔Timmermann, T.R., Dolan, C.R., Chick, J.H. 2011. Assessment of backwater lake management strategies based on the diets of five riverine fishes, Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 26:2, 203-216.〕 The orangespotted sunfish is found in the Canard River near Ontario, Canada, though it is an introduced species.〔Leslie, J.K., Timmins, C.A. 2004. Environment and distribution of age 0 fishes in River Canard, a lowland Ontario river, The Canadian field-naturalist 119: 16-25.〕 In Texas, this species has been introduced in the past as far south as the Rio Grande basin.〔Hubbs, C., R.J. Edwards, and G.P. Garrett. 2008. An Annotated Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of Texas, with Keys to Identification of Species, 2nd Edition. Texas Academy of Science.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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